Immune Status and Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata Juveniles Fed Yeast and Microalga Derived β-glucans

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with β-glucans extracted from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and microalga (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) on gene expression, oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma immune parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. A practical commercial diet was used as the control (CTRL), and three others based on CTRL were further supplemented with different β-glucan extracts. One was derived from S. cerevisiae (diet MG) and two different extracts of 21% and 37% P. tricornutum-derived β-glucans (defined as Phaeo21 and Phaeo37), to give a final 0.06% β-glucan dietary concentration. Quadruplicate groups of 95 gilthead seabream (initial body weight: 4.1 ± 0.1 g) were fed to satiation three times a day for 8 weeks in a pulse-feeding regimen, with experimental diets intercalated with the CTRL dietary treatment every 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, all groups showed equal growth performance and no changes were found in plasma innate immune status. Nonetheless, fish groups fed β-glucans supplemented diets showed an improved anti-oxidant status compared to those fed CTRL at both sampling points (i.e., 2 and 8 weeks). The intestinal gene expression analysis highlighted the immunomodulatory role of Phaeo37 diet after 8 weeks, inducing an immune tolerance effect in gilthead seabream intestine, and a general down-regulation of immune-related gene expression. In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary pulse administration of a P. tricornutum 37% enriched-β-glucans extract might be used as a counter-measure in a context of gut inflammation, due to its immune-tolerant and anti-oxidative effects.     

黄鳍鲷基因组微卫星的分离

采用磁珠富集法构建黄鳍鲷(Acanthopagrus latus Houttuyn)基因组微卫星富集文库。共挑选60个克隆进行测序,分析发现58个克隆分别含(GA)n或(CA)n两碱基重复单元。进一步通过序列比对,最终获得41个具有特异微卫星序列的阳性克隆。其中,23个克隆含有(GA)n或(CT)n两碱基重复序列,17个克隆含有(GT)n或(CA)n重复序列,另1个含有以上两种重复类型。获得的微卫星序列中,单一型及间断型序列各有20条,另有1条属于复合型序列。序列长度为117~512 bp,平均259 bp。微卫星核心序列两碱基重复5到38次,绝大多数序列重复次数大于10。基于微卫星两端的侧翼序列设计并获得了3对能够在黄鳍鲷基因组有效扩增的微卫星引物。本研究旨为进一步开展黄鳍鲷分子育种及资源评价分析提供基础资料。     

Optimal stocking in intensive aquaculture under sinusoidal temperature, price and marketing conditions

When the environmental and/or market conditions of an intensive aquacultural operation vary with time, maximization of profit may require a time dependent fish stocking rate. A simplified stocking problem is formulated where temperature, market price and/or market demand change sinusoidally over the annual cycle. The fish biomass sustaining-capacity is limited by the water treatment equipment, and is expressed in terms of maximum feeding rate per unit volume of culture tanks.It is demonstrated that under such conditions, sinusoidal stocking rates produce good sub-optimal solutions. A critical element of the solution is the time delay (phase-shift) between the constraining (restricting) conditions (temperature and market), and the stocking cycle. Furthermore, if the solutions for two individual conditions have very different time delays, a combination of the two conflicting restrictions is likely to produce poor returns.     

盐度对真鲷(♀)×黑鲷(♂)杂交子一代仔鱼活力的影响

比较了不同盐度梯度(5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0、25.0、30.0)下真鲷(Pagrosmus major,♂)×黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus,♀)杂交子一代(杂交F1)初孵仔鱼的生长情况,并在此盐度梯度下对杂交F1仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验,测定不投饵存活系数(sAI).结果表明,10.0,15.0,20.0的3个盐度组的仔鱼生长速度最快,这3个盐度组下仔鱼的sAI值也最高,真鲷与黑鲷杂交F1的最适生长盐度为10.0-20.0.当自然海水盐度为20.0以上时,在允许的情况下,适当降低杂交F1仔鱼培育盐度,可以提高苗种的成活率.     

Effect of high-level fish meal replacement by plant proteins in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) on growth and body/fillet quality traits

Juvenile gilthead sea bream (initial body weight ca. 100 g) were reared in an indoor flow through marine water system for 1 year. Fish were fed two isoenergetic [19.2 kJ g⁻¹ dry matter (DM)] and isoproteic (426 g kg⁻¹ DM) diets either based on fish meal (diet FM) or on a mixture of plant protein sources (diet PP), replacing 75% of fish meal protein. The growth trial was conducted in duplicate, two tanks for each dietary treatment. Growth performance and feed utilization were registered. Fillet quality parameters were evaluated and sensory analyses on cooked fillet were performed. Both groups had similar weight gain and specific growth rates. Feed intake was higher in sea bream fed diet FM (0.48 versus 0.44), while feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher in sea bream fed PP (0.83 versus 0.77 and 2.0 versus 1.76, respectively). Sea bream fed diet FM had a lower hepatosomatic index (0.80 versus 0.87%), and a higher fillet yield (45.9 versus 44.9%). The fillet from sea bream fed diet FM had higher moisture (696 versus 682 g kg⁻¹), lower lipid levels (91 versus 100 g kg⁻¹) with higher levels of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), while the PP fed sea bream presented a higher level of PUFA n‐6. There were minor differences in muscle free amino acid levels between the two diet groups. As regards sensory evaluation of cooked fillet, the judges were unable to discriminate the two dietary groups of fish. Summarizing, the results demonstrate the possibility to use diets containing high levels (750 g kg⁻¹) of plant ingredients in gilthead sea bream without affecting growth performance and with minor effects on quality traits of commercial size sea bream.     

茄子叶片组织结构与对侧多食跗线螨抗性的关系

研究了27个茄子品种叶片组织结构对侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus(Banks）的田间种群密度、叶片为害指数和种群增长倍数（实验室）3个指标的影响。结果表明，不同茄子品种的叶片上表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织和下表皮层厚度均存在一定的差异。由于该螨主要集中在叶片背面取食，其口器不发达，口针长32．5％－43．4μm，口针能通过下表皮层进入海绵组织，但不能进入栅栏组织。在叶片下表皮层厚的品种上，螨的种群密度和叶片为害指数均显著低，其下表皮和栅栏组织层越厚，抗性越强。其上表皮层厚的品种，种群增长倍数高，抗性低。     

侧多食跗线螨实验种群生命表的研究

侧多食跗线螨是我国蔬菜重要害螨之一。通过对该螨在取食茄子条件下实验种群生命表的研究,结果表明：该螨的内禀增长率（ｒ_ｍ）、周限增长率（λ）、净增殖率（Ｒ_ｏ）、种群世代平均周期（Ｔ）和种群加倍时间（ｔ）分别为０.２５８４、１.２９４８、１９.３９５３、１１.４７２８和２.６８２３。     

Self-feeding activity patterns in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) and their reciprocal hybrids

This study was conducted to monitor feeding activity of gilthead sea bream (Sa) and red porgy (Pp) and to investigate the hereditary effects on feeding in their hybrids (female Sa×male Pp, female Pp×male Sa), obtained after artificial crosses. All fish groups were held in 500-l tanks under ambient temperature (15–25°C) and light conditions (daylength from 9 h 30 min to 14 h 48 min). Fish (initial body weight 100–165 g) were fed by means of self-feeders, which were connected to a computer, recording fish feeding activity for a year. Results showed that there was a 24-h periodicity in all fish types over the experiment. In their daily feeding patterns, both parental species were diurnal: red porgies had a stable daily pattern over the experiment, while gilthead sea bream shifted their activity from a general daylight fluctuation in warm periods to an afternoon peak in cold periods. The Sa×Pp hybrids showed intermediate feeding patterns compared to their parents in warm periods and a pattern that was similar to the red porgy in cold periods, while the Pp×Sa hybrids had rather unchangeable daily feeding patterns, which were not related to the parental ones. The proportion of night feed demands increased in cold periods independent of fish group. The relationship between temperature and feed intake was species-dependent. Finally, this study indicated that feeding expression in hybrids was related to the combination of the parental genome, supporting our hypothesis for a hereditary influence on feeding activity in fish.     

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid/vitamin E (PUFA/tocopherol ratio on antioxidant defence mechanisms of juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L., Osteichthyes, Sparidae)

Lipid peroxidation, specifically polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oxidation is highly deleterious, resulting in damage to cellular biomembranes, and may be a principal cause of several diseases in fish including jaundice and nutritional muscular dystrophy. Tissue lipid PUFA content and composition are critical factors in lipid peroxidation, as is the level of endogenous antioxidant molecules such as vitamin E. The primary objective of the present study was the characterization of antioxidant systems in a cultured juvenile marine fish, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) with the underlying aim to understand how to avoid oxidation problems that may cause pathologies and disease and so to enhance growth and quality of early ongrowing stages. Juvenile sea bream were fed diets having either high or low levels of fish oil and supplemented or basal levels of vitamin E with PUFA/vitamin E ratios ranging from 117±12 in the diet with low PUFA supplemented with vitamin E to 745±48 in the diet with high PUFA with no additional vitamin E. None of the diets had serious deleterious effects on growth or survival of the fish, but the different dietary regimes were effective in significantly altering the PUFA/vitamin E ratios in the fish livers with values ranging from 5.7±0.4 in fish fed the diet with low PUFA supplemented with vitamin E to 91.1±13.2 in fish fed the diet with high PUFA with no additional vitamin E. This had effects on the peroxidation status of the fish as indicated by the significantly altered levels of in vivo lipid peroxidation products measured in liver, with fish fed the diet rich in PUFA and low in vitamin E showing significantly higher values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and isoprostanes. The isoprostane levels generally followed the same pattern as the TBARS levels supporting its value as an indicator of in vivo oxidative stress in fish, as it is in mammals. However, few significant effects on antioxidant enzyme activities were observed suggesting that more severe conditions may be required to affect these activities such as increasing the PUFA/vitamin E ratio or by increasing peroxidative stress through the feeding of oxidized oils.     

The effect of food competition and relative size of group members on growth of juvenile gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata

The effects of food competition and relative size of group members on growth of sea bream, Sparus aurata were tested in groups composed of four fish. Each group consisted of a medium sized test fish (approximately 250 mg) and three fish larger or smaller than the test fish. In the first experiment food competition was addressed directly by contrasting its presence with its absence. Neither food competition nor relative size of school members had a significant effect on growth. However, there was a highly significant interaction between these two main effects. Under conditions of food competition the medium sized test fish had a three times higher specific growth rate when surrounded by small vs large fish. Under conditions of no food competition when the test fish were separated during feeding a similar but reverse pattern occurred due to differences in food conversion efficiency. In the second experiment, the effects of food quantity and relative size of group members were tested. Both main effects and their interaction were highly significant. Under conditions of low food competition (i.e., surplus food supply) fish grew again better when surrounded by larger fish as compared to their growth rate when surrounded by smaller ones. Size matching via a differential growth rate in a schooling species such as sea bream was suggested to increase the confusion effect by reducing the ability of a predator to focus on an odd sized fish. The implications of direct competition for food for the efficient culture of this species are discussed.